python subprocess background no wait

In the previous section, we saw that os.system() function works fine. Running this example shows that indeed the read function in line 13 hangs, as no new data is received from the (still open) p.stdout stream. In versions of Python before 3.5 subprocess.run() is not present. Meaning, if I launched the Java process directly, it works fine. This starts the notepad editor as a separate process and returns The returned process id (pid) is a handle that you can use to kill or wait on the process later if you want to. Python subprocess module is a powerful tool and was introduced to replace various old modules/functions $ python subprocess_example.py Mon 22 Feb 11:58:50 UTC 2021 Subprocess.run vs Subprocess.call. 02-27-2013 12:43 PM. It comes with several high-level APIs like call, check_output and (starting with Python 3.5) run that are focused at child processes our program runs and waits to complete. We will use Python subprocess module to execute system commands. You can vote up the ones you like or vote down the ones you don't like, and go to the original project or source file by following the links above each example. Python Subprocess and Popen() with Examples. Do you want it to run in the background (return immediately?) asyncio doesn't kill subprocess by timeout, that's why test1 () doesn't work. The scenario in my case was the following: 1. The recommended approach to invoking subprocesses is to use the run() function for all use cases it can handle. However, I have no control over stopping deployment if one of the updates or a build fails. The problem with Abaqus is that it takes a long time to run the analysis, so if you try to . You can vote up the ones you like or vote down the ones you don't like, and go to the original project or source file by following the links above each example. subprocess.popen. The python interpreter waits on the process to finish. Ok, so it appears that (in Python 2.5 at least) there is no way to capture the stdout of subprocess.Popen(). It comes with several high-level APIs like call, check_output, and (starting with . (and then x.wait()) where x is the value returned by > subprocess.Popen(). When we need to open a new process inside a Python application we can use subprocess library and related functions. simple past tense structure and examples; hilliard bradley bowling; how to clean cat poop from garden; things to learn from neymar; weekend in lake arrowhead; slack microsoft european commission; the most popular grip in table tennis; bakery licenses and permits cost; ms flow increment variable; what is an executable . See: Python Execute Unix / Linux Command Examples; I strongly suggest that you read subprocess documentation for more info. That means that when you run something at boot, it is sure that no user is logged in at all at that moment in time, not in the GUI, not in the CLI. , how to work with a background process without a controlling terminal to make use of popen or system call ? Here is an example involving two scripts a.py and b.py (launched by a.py which reads its output), but it also works when the second process is not a python program. The Process component has two special modes that tweak the relationship between your program and the process: teletype (tty) and pseudo-teletype (pty). You can vote up the ones you like or vote down the ones you don't like, and go to the original project or source file by following the links above each example. An example of a threading background decorator (Python) 19 ; receiving text from external application 7 ; I have .exe file in vb6, I want to make it run online 7 ; counting time take by application to start 5 ; Hidding Python subprocess 7 ; All Drive 3 ; Python prime number code not working 6 ; errors in python program 0 It uses socketpair() and select(). That is because when you execute subprocess.Popen, the child process inherits stdin/stdout/stderr from its parent. Conclusion. It is convenient but it is not necessary to use threads to collect output from subprocesses: These are the top rated real world Python examples of subprocess.Popen.poll extracted from open source projects. In Tkinter, there is a separate module for setting background image known as Python image library (PIL) as in for setting fonts, and the function is PhotoImage(); this function uses the image file name or the source path of the image to be set as a background image as an argument. In the official python documentation we can read that subprocess should be used for accessing system commands. In my case, I didn't actually need stdout for anything, so I just removed it and moved on, but I was surprised that that was what caused the problem. Python 3 includes the subprocess module for running external programs and reading their outputs in your Python code.. You might find subprocess useful if you want to use another program on your computer from within your Python code. import subprocess subprocess.Popen(["rm","-r","some.file"]) This should run rm -r somefile in the background. . (timeout, input, check, and capture_output are not.) subprocess.run is given a list of strings consisting of the components of the command we are trying to run. Let's review this example: sys.executable is the absolute path to the Python executable that your program was originally invoked with. subprocess2 extends the Popen module by adding the notion of a "Background Task." When you call "runInBackground" on a pipe object, it will create and start a thread to automatically handle that process. from subprocess import Popen, PIPE. Using the subprocess Module¶. I'm re-writing my bash script with Python so I have more control over branches and the deployment process. Luckly, we can util You need to call .wait() explicitly. The server is ready to send commands while the client is ready to receive commands, run it and send back its output. There is no point to add ampersand & to the shell commands: Popen doesn't wait for the command to complete. The subprocess docs on python.org have more info on why you may want to pick one of a couple of options. Since the first string we pass is sys.executable, we are instructing subprocess . You can try to use a python script and use one of the two following modules. Hi All, I am trying to run another python script using subprocess.Popen and have it run in the background. Luckily, Python has a way of doing two things at once: the threading module. Client: python client.py . On the other hand, the child process may inherit various properties/resources from the parent such as open file descriptors, the process group, its control terminal, some signal . Python Grep.tail - 2 examples found. . I am using subprocess.call() to fire off the 'svn update /repo' commands, but each one is acting sequentially. Python 3 has available the popen method, but it is recommended to use the subprocess module instead, which we'll describe in more detail in the following section. In Python, versions 2 and 3 have separated ways of calling commands externally through the Python code. I'm calling a python script from a php script which again calls a perl . Calling "runInBackground" on a pipe . This for example will spawn a cp process to copy a large file to a new directory and not bother to wait for it. # Adding my own shell "&" to background it, still fails #subprocess.Popen(rsync_cmd, shell=True, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, close_fds=True) # This doesn't work #subprocess.Popen(shlex.split(rsync_cmd)) # This doesn't work #os.execv(rsync_path, rsync_args) # This doesn't work #os . run() returns a CompletedProcess object instead of the process return code. Before everything else, let's see its most simple usage. What we need is a way of doing two things at once: reading from A and B simultaneously and putting a line from A or B to the mother process's stdout whenever one appears. *For all other types of commands, it works 100% as expected. After installing the 'ArcGIS_BackgroundGP_for_Desktop_101sp1.exe' 64-bit geoprocessing package I have both the 32-bit and 64-bit . Created on 2016-04-12 22:49 by vstinner, last changed 2017-01-06 09:50 by python-dev.This issue is now closed. This is useful for operations that need to happen after a request, but that the client doesn't really have to be waiting for the operation to complete before receiving the response. 15/08/2020 13/09/2017 by İsmail Baydan. The run() function was added in Python 3.5; if you need to retain compatibility with older versions, see the Older high-level API section. when ever i use popen or . For example, if parameters coming from an input on a web page, then a hacker could potentially enter something like For example, sys.executable might be a path like /usr/local/bin/python. Python Popen.poll - 30 examples found. Programming Language: Python. But be wary: subprocess.Popen() only runs a process in the background if nothing in the python script depends on the output of the command being run: For example, the following command will not run in the background: I've tried many different suggestions from questions that have already been posted to Stack Overflow and everything either buffers until the end of processing or just plain doesn't work. You learned how to all an external program/command using a python script and retrieve the program output and return exit status. In that sense, all subprocesses are background processes. . Python subprocess module and 64 bit background geoprocessing in v10.1. python. To make it easier to compare the subprocess with those other . PS> blender 2.49a uses python 2.6.x which means you can use the multiprocessing module as well. . Python subprocess module causing crash + reopening I'm making a call to subprocess in my addin script that reads: . The program below starts the unix program 'cat' and the second parameter is the argument. The following are 30 code examples for showing how to use subprocess.PIPE().These examples are extracted from open source projects. so before i exit the python script, i would need to kill my perl subprocess. To run a process and read all of its output, set the stdout value to PIPE and call communicate (). •Both os.system() and subprocess.call() do this by default •Submit and forget: Command is initiated in a separate process. You have to call .wait() method explicitly if you want to wait for the child process. Subprocess in Python is a module used to run new codes and applications by creating new processes. We will use the first function of the module subprocess.run to run the program from Python co Here is what the official documentation says about the call function… Python's subprocess.Popen object hangs gathering child output when child process does not exit subprocess.Popen - No such file or directory [duplicate] Popen a command that contains need to say yes for all outputs import subprocess subprocess.call(['C:\\folder\\gams.exe']) import os os.system('"C:\\folder\\gams.exe"') Update as it is about a file of the type .gms: You will need to change the Popen bit to something else if you want to wait for the output, otherwise, there is no output, because the function returns . The run() function was added in Python 3.5; if you need to preserve compatibility with older versions, see the Older high-level API section. python subprocess close. A sub process is a process started by another program. The standard python "subprocess" module does not provide a simple approach through it's API to do this. python. HTML 5 Video 01: Python Run External Command And Get Output On Screen or In Variable Summing up. I've got a long running (not long actually, it only takes 10-12 secs) python script that silently install an application using subprocess from the CLI. Subprocess worked and it successfully installed the application, however, the GUI locks (i.e hangs/freeze) after the execution (and the program no longer run the succeeding code). -- there's no need for the nohup or the & with subprocess.. BTW if parameters is coming from a potentially unsafe source, then you should be very careful with code like that -- either your original version or the adjusted version above. Improve this answer. Using it is now the recommended way to spawn processes and should cover the most common use cases. To make it easier to compare the subprocess with those other . The origin of this problem is in the way these reading mechanisms are implemented in Python (See the discussion on this issue from Python's issue tracker . A CompletedProcess object has attributes like args, returncode, etc. The Python subprocess module is a powerful Swiss Army knife for launching and interacting with child processes. So, if you want to run external programs from a git repository or codes from C or C++ programs, you can use subprocess in Python. Extensions on the python subprocess module. import subprocess subprocess.run(["python3", "add.py"], text=True, input="2 3") Copy. Thus, with shell=False, you do just that (as Python-syntax pseudocode below -- exclude the wait() if not a blocking invocation such as subprocess.call()): You can start any program with any parameter. 我只是想追踪玛丽的答案。在python.org上的子过程文档中有更多关于为什么你可能想要选择其中一个选项的信息。 args is required for all calls and should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. The subprocess.run() function was added in Python 3.5; Wait for command to complete, then return a subprocess.CompletedProcess instance. The run function has been added to the subprocess module only in relatively recent versions of Python (3.5). The above example has two subprocess dir and sort commands to be executed through Python script as given above, and the dir command process is an input to the sort command process to sort the obtained directories in reverse order. call() vs run() As of Python version 3.5,run() should be used instead of call(). process = Popen ( ['cat', 'test.py'], stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) •Process retains control of the shell. Answer (1 of 3): I found this: Getting a Python script to run in the background (as a service) on boo Hope this helps, Jagjit. cheers. If I can find some more time to investigate, I will offer a more specific suggestion if you want to address the blocking. These are the top rated real world Python examples of Grep.Grep.tail extracted from open source projects. It has been a while since I worked with subprocess.There are a couple of aspects to runcmd() that may be blocking, i.e., causing the wait. def run (target, timeout=TIMEOUT, retry=RETRY, preserveChildren=False, verbose=False): """Run a process but kill it after . I think the simplest way to implement this is using the os.spawn* family of functions passing the P_NOWAIT flag. So basically, cron is waiting for VLC to finish executing before it cleans up the python process. It lets you start new applications right from the Python program you are currently writing. Python provides a lot of functionalities with different modules and libraries. Try using subprocess but without the os.call option. 15/08/2020 13/09/2017 by İsmail Baydan. This is equivalent to 'cat test.py'. That's why test2 may fail at "FAIL (3)" point sometimes. The following are 30 code examples for showing how to use subprocess.Popen().These examples are extracted from open source projects. For example, if you create multiple subprocesses using subprocess.Popen and store the return values of all of the subprocess.Popen calls in a Python array, the contents of that array would be the equivalent of the output of jobs in a shell. I have a script that relys on the 'subprocess' module to basically run seperate instances of arcpy as a parallel process. When you run python from a shell, it is running as a sub process of that shell. There is an old code that I used in Linux for certain cases when stdout blocks with subprocess. The "run" function. launch child processes of their own, Python hangs. Background Tasks¶. Luckly, we can util How to run a background process and do *not* wait? If you see outputs like the one in the image above, then both the server and client are connected and waiting to send and receive messages. The author selected the COVID-19 Relief Fund to receive a donation as part of the Write for DOnations program.. Introduction. When you run something as root and that program (script) wants to do something on the desktop of a user that is logged in into the GUI "in the seat", be prepared that that is not easy (if possible . *() and commands.*(). For a long time I have been using os.system() when dealing with system administration tasks in Python. There is therefore no reason to use this class instead of subprocess.Popen on that platform. The kill is done by signal sending which is asynchronous. You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. If shell is True, the specified command will be executed through the shell.This can be useful if you are using Python primarily for the enhanced control flow it offers over most system shells and still want convenient access to other shell features such as shell pipes, filename wildcards, environment variable expansion, and expansion of ~ to a user's home directory. In this post I want to discuss a variation of this task that is less directly addressed - long-running child . See the following code which is equivalent to the . completed it is becoming a zombie because the perl script in the background is still running. We can run shell commands by using subprocess.call() function. The susbprocess.Popen Method The subprocess module was created with the intention of replacing several methods available in the os module, which were not considered to be very efficient. But wait, if the python process has already terminated how is there no EOF yet? 1-second sleep is enough to stop this case, but maybe not enough, say, under high load and for much more complex program than "sleep". Popen() starts a child process—it does not wait for it to exit. subprocess2 extends the Popen module by adding the notion of a "Background Task." When you call "runInBackground" on a pipe object, it will create and start a thread to automatically handle that process. The Python subprocess module is a powerful swiss-army knife for launching and interacting with child processes. python: what's wrong with my subprocess.Popen. Changed in version 5.0: The io_loop argument (deprecated since version 4.1) has been removed. Importing subprocess2 will extend the global "subprocess" module (only additions, no modifications, so it's safe). Python 3 has available the popen method, but it is recommended to use the subprocess module instead, which we'll describe in more detail in the following section. Python subprocess.call() Function. Subprocess is a built-in Python module that can be used to run shell commands and run executable binaries usually scattered in various "bin" folders across a Linux file system. The subprocess.run() call returns, the python application exits, and the childbash script keeps running in the background. Just found sys.executable - the full path to the current Python executable, which The full function signature is largely the same as that of the Popen constructor - most of the arguments to this function are passed through to that interface. The susbprocess.Popen Method The subprocess module was created with the intention of replacing several methods available in the os module, which were not considered to be very efficient. For more advanced use cases, the underlying Popen interface can be used directly.. If no end of interesting output is coming from A it makes no odds, it just has to wait. If I launch it from the shell script WITHOUT background execution, it works fine. This article will explain how to use the subprocess module and its run method in Python apps. python-subprocess2. Python provides a lot of functionalities with different modules and libraries. You can start a process in Python using the Popen function call. Server: python server.py. •Processes can be pushed to background at initiation using & •subprocess.Popen(), by default, does not wait for child In this case the subprocess is our dummy shell. wait() - Wait for another process to finish (optional, if not running in background). The run() function was added in Python 3.5; if you need to preserve compatibility with older versions, see the Older high-level API section. You can use this method to run Abaqus in the background: import subprocess path = location of file in any directory abaqusCall = 'abaqus job=file_name cpus=2' runCommand = 'cmd.exe /c ' + abaqusCall process = subprocess.Popen(runCommand, cwd=path) . It offers a higher-level interface than some of the other available modules and is intended to replace the functions such as os.system(), os.spawn*(), os.popen*(), popen2. Wait for command to complete. The standard python "subprocess" module does not provide a simple approach through it's API to do this. The Subprocess.STREAM option and the set_exit_callback and wait_for_exit methods do not work on Windows. (3 Replies) Discussion started by: Prashanth19 . It offers a higher-level interface than some of the other available modules and is intended to replace the functions such as os.system(), os.spawn*(), os.popen*(), popen2. But it's not recommended way to execute shell commands. You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. One thing i can monitor the nohup.out file for this process where i can wait for shutting down statement to. The Process component has two special modes that tweak the relationship between your program and the process: teletype (tty) and pseudo-teletype (pty). But when I launch it WITH background execution (e.g., with the & suffix), then it blocks. The following are 30 code examples for showing how to use subprocess.PIPE().These examples are extracted from open source projects. The main use in python is to get around the fact that there can on. import subprocess process = subprocess.Popen ( [ 'echo', '"Hello stdout"' ], stdout=subprocess.PIPE) stdout = process.communicate () [ 0 ] print 'STDOUT:{}' .format (stdout) The above script will wait for the process to complete . Python Subprocess and Popen() with Examples. You can define background tasks to be run after returning a response.. The main reason for that, was that I thought that was the simplest way of running Linux commands. It works ok if I run it from the command line, however if I run it using our batch scheduling solution which is BMC Control-M the scripts starts but does not finish as it seems to be waiting for the child process to finish. For example, you might want to invoke . But think of it carefully as running a program out of a script can do many unpleasent things. subprocess.CompletedProcess; other functions like check_call() and check_output() can all be replaced with run().. Popen vs run() and call() Answer (1 of 2): It is a library for running "sub processes" and communicating back and forth. The official Python documentation recommends the subprocess module for accessing system commands. import os os.spawnlp (os.P_NOWAIT, 'cp', 'cp', '/path/large-file.db', '/path/dest') Share. Namespace/Package Name: Grep. import subprocess pid=subprocess.Popen(["NOTEPAD.exe"]).pid. It with background execution, it is running as a sub process of that shell and should cover most. As running a program out of a script can do many unpleasent things script in background on successfully... Previous section, we saw that os.system ( ) the argument a sequence of program arguments - Google Search /a... Function has been removed and capture_output are not. works fine the Command are! Used directly - Google Search < /a > launch child processes of their own, Python has way... Simple usage not present a controlling terminal to make it easier to compare the subprocess only... Process directly, it works 100 % as expected trying to run a started... Might be a path like /usr/local/bin/python terminal to make it easier to compare subprocess... In a separate process '' > how to all an external program/command using Python! List of strings consisting of the components of the components of the we. By signal sending which is equivalent to the subprocess module to execute system commands. * ( ) a. Program arguments # x27 ; s wrong with my subprocess.Popen subprocess module and its run method in Python versions... By default •Submit and forget: Command is initiated in a separate process version 4.1 ) has removed. High-Level APIs like call, check_output, and capture_output are not. advanced use cases it handle... 32-Bit and 64-bit without a controlling terminal to make it easier to compare the subprocess with other! Subprocess.Popen, the underlying popen interface can be used for accessing system commands *. To compare the subprocess module and its run method in Python system?... Section, we are instructing subprocess you learned how to work with background..., cron is waiting for VLC to finish executing before it cleans up the Python script, will! ) & quot ; runInBackground & quot ; on a pipe stdout value to and. Program & # x27 ; s see its most simple usage is becoming a zombie because the perl in... Trying to run a process started by: Prashanth19 time I have both the 32-bit and 64-bit Python subprocess popen... ) function do many unpleasent things the analysis, so if you to! And should cover the most common use cases script can do many unpleasent things ''! An external program/command using a Python application we can use subprocess library and related functions tasks Python! Would need to kill my perl subprocess APIs like call, check_output, and capture_output not... Stdout value to pipe and call communicate ( ) with examples - POFTUT < /a >.. Gt ; subprocess.Popen ( ) starts a child process—it does not wait for it does wait. I can find some more time to run in the official Python documentation can. //Lyceum-Allotments.Github.Io/2017/03/Python-And-Pipes-Part-6-Multiple-Subprocesses-And-Pipes/ '' > how to kill a subprocess - Google Search < /a >.! Those other: //www.quora.com/What-is-subprocess-in-Python? share=1 '' > Asynchronous background processes running Linux commands. * (.. From open source projects immediately? can on ways of calling commands externally through the Python process branches the! So basically, cron is waiting for VLC to finish executing before it up... The official Python documentation we can run shell commands by using subprocess.call ( returns. Bother to wait for the child process inherits stdin/stdout/stderr from its parent? share=1 '' how. A sequence of program arguments you want it to run that platform let & # x27 ; why... S why test2 may fail at & quot ; on a pipe version 4.1 ) been... Different modules and libraries. * ( ) and select ( ), the popen! Of subprocess.Popen on that platform APIs like call, check_output, and ( starting with launched the Java process,... Will offer a more specific suggestion if you want to wait for the child process inherits stdin/stdout/stderr its...: Prashanth19 around the fact that there can on sense, all subprocesses background. Arcgis_Backgroundgp_For_Desktop_101Sp1.Exe & # x27 ; and the deployment process it with background execution, works... New directory and not bother to wait for the child process inherits stdin/stdout/stderr from its parent back its.! Been added to the are not. the value returned by & gt ; (., or a sequence of program arguments and 64-bit a large file to a process. //Groups.Google.Com/G/Comp.Lang.Python/C/3Qwkqykeocs '' > Asynchronous background processes 3.5 subprocess.run ( ) function for all other types of,... Kill my perl subprocess thought that was the simplest way of running commands! Is running as a sub process is a process started by another program it... Stdout value to pipe and call communicate ( ) with examples - POFTUT < /a subprocess.Popen. Or a sequence of program arguments a cp process to copy a large file to a new process a. Calling & quot ; point sometimes have been using os.system ( ) for... Doing two things at once: the threading module ) is not present return exit status run in the Python... Kill is done by signal sending which is Asynchronous can be used for accessing system.. Child process Python provides a lot of functionalities with different modules and libraries are the top rated world... Work with a background process without a controlling terminal to make it to... Should cover the most common use cases it can handle processes of their own, Python has a of! Ways of calling commands externally through the Python program you are currently writing of a script can do python subprocess background no wait things. Cat & # x27 ; 64-bit geoprocessing package I have both the 32-bit and.. Investigate, I would need to open a new process inside a Python application we can read that subprocess be... Be a string, or a sequence of program arguments to pipe and call communicate ( ) and.! List of strings consisting of the Command we are instructing subprocess subprocesses are background processes Python! Module python subprocess background no wait execute system commands. * ( ) ) where x is the value returned by gt. Popen ( python subprocess background no wait method explicitly if you want to discuss a variation of this task that is directly..., etc we will use Python subprocess close all calls and should a. •Both os.system ( ) with examples - POFTUT < /a > launch processes... //Forums.Opensuse.Org/Showthread.Php/558407-How-To-Run-Python-Script-In-Background-On-Boot-Successfully '' > Python and python subprocess background no wait < /a > subprocess.Popen zombie because the perl in! Ready to send commands while the client is ready to send commands while client! Bash script with Python so I have both the 32-bit and 64-bit Python examples of subprocess.Popen.poll extracted from open projects! It comes with several high-level APIs like call, check_output, and ( starting with server is ready to commands! In relatively recent versions of Python before 3.5 subprocess.run ( ) x is the argument as running a out!, set the stdout value to pipe and call communicate ( ) and subprocess.call ( ) and select (.. The child process inherits stdin/stdout/stderr from its parent python subprocess background no wait I strongly suggest that you read subprocess documentation more! A CompletedProcess object has attributes like args, returncode, etc Python 2.6.x which means you can rate to. Program arguments is not present & # x27 ; s not recommended way execute! On a pipe > Asynchronous background processes > launch child processes of their own, hangs... Process return code after returning a response, then it blocks unix / Command. The official Python documentation we can run shell commands. * ( ) function works fine run returning... ( 3.5 ) can run shell commands. * ( ) set the stdout value to pipe and communicate. ( return immediately? cat & # x27 ; 64-bit geoprocessing package have. Output and return exit status in relatively recent versions of Python ( 3.5 ) system commands *. To call.wait ( ) commands. * ( ) ) where x the! Address the blocking and related functions it comes with several high-level APIs call... A sequence of program arguments are the top rated real world Python examples of Grep.Grep.tail extracted from open source.... I can find some more time to investigate, I would need to kill perl. And return exit status, it works 100 % as expected ) explicitly... From the Python script and retrieve the program below starts the unix program & # ;! To help us improve the quality of examples most simple usage let & # ;! From open source projects ) ) where x is the argument would need to kill my perl.. Python... < /a > subprocess Overview this class instead of the of... Command we are instructing subprocess in relatively recent versions of Python before subprocess.run. Like args, returncode, etc - long-running child 3 have separated of... Out of a script can do many unpleasent things a process started by: Prashanth19 which means you can examples. Versions 2 and 3 have separated ways of calling commands externally through the Python program you currently! Process return code re-writing my bash script with Python so I have both the and! Rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples to be run after returning a..... Is running as a sub process is a process started by another program is equivalent the! Run it and send back its output the problem with Abaqus is that it takes a time. Can handle a sequence of program arguments python subprocess background no wait read subprocess documentation for more use! Be used directly Command we are trying to run Python from a shell, it fine. Attributes like args, returncode, etc in background on boot successfully? < >...
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